BOW Explain how chlorophyll helps plants make sugar

The process whereby plants make sugars is photosynthesis. The plant takes in carbon dioxide from the air though pores in its leaves and absorbs water through its roots. These are combined to make sugar using energy from the sun and with the help of a substance called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is green which allows it to absorb the sun's energy more readily and which, of course, gives the plants' leaves their green colour. The reaction of photosynthesis can be written as the following chemical equation when glucose is being made:

12 CO2 + 11 H2 O	=	C12 H22 O11 + 12 O2
carbon dioxide + water	=	glucose + oxygen

Apple & Juniper Berry Sauerkraut

This is a very popular variation on the basic Sauerkraut and it’s also often called Bavarian Sauerkraut. Juniper berries are a spice more than a berry and may be available fresh when in season or dried at your local health food store.

Ingredients

• 3 or 4 heads of cabbage, shredded;
• 2 or 3 apples, peeled and coarsely chopped;
• 44.3602944 milliliters of caraway seeds;
• 44.3602944 milliliters of Juniper berries, crushed;
• 59.147 milliliters of sea salt;

Preparation

1. Combine the shredded cabbage, chopped apples and spices together.
2. Place the shredded cabbage and apple mixture little by little in your fermentation jar, pounding them vigorously and sprinkling some of the sea salt as you go.
3. Make sure the mixture fills the jar up to 1 inch bellow the top (because of the expansion), adding more if needed, and that the extracted water covers the vegetables entirely. If not, create a brine of 2 tablespoons sea salt to 4 cups water and add it to  the cabbage.
4. Press the mixture and keep it under the brine by placing a plate or a lid on top weighted down by a rock or a jug of water. Cover with a clean towel if needed to keep out fruit flies.
5. Place the fermentation jar in a warm spot in your kitchen and allow the Sauerkraut to ferment for 7 to 10 days.
6. Check on it from time to time to be sure that the brine covers the mixture and to remove any mold that may form on the surface.
7. A good way to know when it’s ready is to taste it during the fermentation process and move it to the refrigerator when you’re satisfied with the taste.

Fermentation is the process that produces alcoholic beverages or acidic dairy products. For a cell, fermentation is a way of getting energy without using oxygen. In general, fermentation involves the breaking down of complex organic substances into simpler ones. The microbial or animal cell obtains energy through glycolysis, splitting a sugar molecule and removing electrons from the molecule. The electrons are then passed to an organic molecule such as pyruvic acid. This results in the formation of a waste product that is excreted from the cell. Waste products formed in this way include ethyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, lactic acid, and acetone--the substances vital to our utilization of fermentation.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

During lactic acid fermentation, the electrons released during glycolysis are passed to pyruvic acid to form two molecules of lactic acid. Lactic acid fermentation is carried out by many bacteria, most notably by the lactic acid bacteria used in the production of yogurt, cheese, sauerkraut, and pickles. Some animal cells such as muscle cells can also use fermentation for a quick burst of energy.

Alcohol Fermentation

Alcohol fermentation also begins with glycolysis to produce two molecules of pyruvic acid, two molecules of ATP, and four electrons. Each pyruvic acid is modified to acetaldehyde and CO2. Two molecules of ethyl alcohol are formed when each acetaldehyde molecule accepts two electrons. Alcohol fermentation is carried out by many bacteria and yeasts .

(http://www.accessexcellence.org/LC/SS/ferm_background.php

BOW Osmosis Jones and immune system

Three similarities:
1) Movie: Osmosis Jones and Drix cooperated together to thwart Thrax.  Human: white blood cell works with pill (medicine) to get rid of the virus.
2)Movie: Thrax made the Frank City burning.  Human: Mr.Frank's body temperature raised dramatically.
3)Mr. Frank vomit.  Human:  Fight against germs entering the body via ingestion.


Three differences:
1) Movie: Osmosis Jones and Drix overcome Thrax. Human: A cold pill can't do much to a deadly virus like that one.
2)Phlegmming told Frank to take a cold-suppressant pill.  Human: Your body would gives you tips to for any health problems, but not tell you what to do.
3)Thrax wants to become the nastiest new virus, attempting to kill each new victim faster than the previous.  Human: Thrax was more than a common cold.

Hot Zone

What has surprised or fascinated you from the Hot Zone so far? Be specific


     It was amazing that human can be infected by animals like monkey.  Also,  the doctor in the hospital (who was infected later on) was not aware of being infected.  He didn't wear anything to protect himself, that was why the patient threw up blood on his face and infected him.  Nevertheless, he didn't wash his face immediately.  It seems like he never consider about how bad the illness might be and it might be contagious.  As a doctor, he should protecting himself and helping the patients at the same time.  Overall, I think his actions surprised me.

Positive benefits of fungi

     Plants benefit from fungi because some fungi settle around the roots of plants.  As the fungus decomposes dead matter around the roots of the plant, it leaves behind nutrients that the plant needs.  Many farmers prefer fungi to other chemical fertilizers to keep improving the environment.They are also known as the best alternatives in the tilling of the soil as they can even alter the structure of the soil.  Fungi fill the in and around the regions of the plant roots with sticky hyphae to protect the plants from disease spreading agents.  They also release antibiotics to destroy the agents if they penetrate through hyphae.  These hyphae grow into the soil and absorb essential nutrients like phosphorous and minerals which are shared with the host plant.  Mycorrhizal fungi which are promoted by fungi help fighting plant -related diseases giving plants higher and better yields.  During the process of decomposing matter, fungi returns carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.  Green plants use the carbon dioxide during photosynthesis to produce food.  Oxygen is released into the atmosphere during the process of photosynthesis, so animal and human life depends on the fungi for survival.   Fungi with antimicrobial and other biological activities can produce wide ranges of natural products which is why they are used in drug manufacturing industries. They are widely used for the production of antibiotics, anti-cancer, vitamins and cholesterol lowering drugs.  Fungi are also used in the production of industrial chemicals which include gluconic, citric, malic and lactic acids and also in biological detergents in the form of lipases.  Recent studies reveal that a type of fungi can be used for degrading pesticides, insecticides, herbicides, coal tars and also heavy fuels into water, carbon dioxide and other basic elements.  Some fungi, like mushrooms, are used as ingredients in recipes. They add flavor to meals.   Special species of fungi are also used to produce alcohol through fermentation.

blog 9 virtual epidemic

In your blog describe which combination of these factors can cause the worst deadly epidemic. Support your answer with data
Make a contact mind map for your disease spread lab
H>C ：0 ；C>S：5 ； S>D：10  is the worst combination.  322 deads and only 78 are healty, and it still spreading.

microbe zoo

What is a microbe?
List the FOUR MAJOR groups of microbes.
What is microbial ecology?
Now begin browsing the sites (go back to the main page). As you go, keep a log of what kinds of microbes you find and where you found them.
Record the Zoo Location and What kinds of microbes are there? Include a short description or interesting information.
Include some pictures

Microbes are single-cell organisms so tiny that millions can fit into the eye of a needle.  They are the oldest form of life on earth. Microbe fossils date back more than 3.5 billion years to a time when the Earth was covered with oceans that regularly reached the boiling point, hundreds of millions of years before dinosaurs roamed the earth.  Without microbes, we couldn’t eat or breathe.

Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa.

Microbial ecology is the ecology of microorganisms: their relationship with one another and with their environment. It concerns the three major domains of life — Eukaryota, Archaea, and Bacteria — as well as viruses.

DirtLand-Root cellar-Glomus intraradix

Root fungi, also called mycorrhizal fungi, are symbiotic organsims which associate with the roots of nearly all plants. This is sorghum root infected with the Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungus Glomus intraradix. The image shows hyphal growth (the thin hairs) and vesicles (little ovals) inside the host's root. Root fungi, also called mycorrhizal fungi, are symbiotic organsims which associate with the roots of nearly all plants.

Animal Pavilion-Habitat on Humanity-teeth

When you eat sugar, you are not only feeding yourself, but you are also feeding the millions of microbes that call your mouth home. These microbes grow and stick to your teeth, forming plaque which can cause cavities and tooth decay.

 

Snack Bar-Yeast:

Yeast are small fungi which are incredibly important in the food and beverage industries. Yeast ferement the sugars in fruits to make wine, the sugars in grains to make beers. When grown in the presence of oxygen, yeast give off the gas carbon dioxide which makes bread rise. Yeast can grow with oxygen, (aerobically) or without oxygen (anaerobically.) Because it can grow either aerobically or anaerobically, it is known as a "facultative aerobe."

Space Adventure- Frequent Flyer-Bacillus megaterium

 

This bacterium, like all species of Bacillus, forms spores, like the one shown here. These spores help the bacteria survive hostile conditions, such as heat and drying out. The genus Bacillus contains many related species of bacteria. Because of their spores, many species of Bacillus are found in the desert. This particular species is relatively big, as bacteria go, and hence the name "mega".

 

Water World-Pond-Diatom

The large, round object in the center of this view is a diatom. Diatoms are protists that grow a silica shell around themselves. When diatoms divide, each offspring takes half of the original shell with it, and grows another matching half to complement the inherited shell portion. Diatoms are frequently found in wet environments, such as ponds. They also grow on most soil. Diatoms grow on the surface layer of soil, where they can use sunlight to produce food via photosynthesis. This species of diatom is yellow-brown in color when viewed with visible light. There are two basic types of diatoms: elongate ones and round ones, like this microbe. Elongated diatoms can move themselves about; round diatoms cannot. There may be as many as 10,000 species of diatoms. Huge accumulations of fossilized diatoms make up diatomaceous earth, which is used in toothpaste and in filters.

Site2:

1)   Use arrows to identify the microbes in the pond. You only need to pick 5 microbes on the picture, write their common names or phylum (group)

2. Choose ONE of the microbes in the jar and list the following information about the organism
a) What is its size?
b) Where are they usually found in the pond?
c) Describe one feature that makes them interesting.

 

1.    Spirogyra, Daphnia, Stentor, Volvox, and Cypris.

2.    Name (genus): Cypris

      Size : 0.5 - 3 mm

Where to find them : Amongst aquatic vegetation and browsing the surface     layers of bottom mud

Notes : The body of an ostracod, including the head, is enclosed by a bean-shaped shell (the carapace). If seen at low power under the microscope, just the antennae and limbs appear out of the gap between the two halves of the shell as they move amongst vegetation and mud.

Some of the smaller rounded water fleas (e.g. Chydorus) may be confused for an ostracod, but the shell of a water flea is usually much more transparent.

The ostracods, although quite easy to recognise, are often hard to identify further, because externally they all look rather alike!

Classification :
Kingdom - Animalia, Phylum - Crustacea, Class - Ostracoda

HHMI Virtual Lab

* What kind of patient samples are used for the purpose of identifying possible pathogens?
* What does PCR do, how does it work, and why is it useful?
* How do you separate the desired DNA from all others?
* How does an automatic DNA sequencer work?
* Why is it possible to use a DNA sequence to identify bacteria? 


1. Fluid from Lymph Node, Stool Sample, Urine Sample, Blood Sample, Sputum Sample, and Stool Sample from a Child.


2. PCR which is polymerase chain reaction is a scientific technique in molecular biologyto amplify a single or a few copies of a piece of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence. It's an inexpensive technique that can make segments of DNA. PCR can target specifics parts of DNA. This is useful for analyzing DNA especially for evidence taken at a crime scene.


3. A desired sequence is isolated by using restriction enzymes. They are enzymes that cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences. PCR envolves a mixture of lots of stuff, but essentially, you are using a cell called a competent cell to preform a transformation. The cut DNA is introduced into the cell which acts like a machine to copy that DNA over and over again. PCR means Polymerase Chain reaction. Polymerase is the enzyme reponsible for DNA replication.


4. Automated deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing reduces the volume of low-level radioactive waste generated on campus, while providing a suitable alternative to manual DNA sequencing. Traditional methods of manual DNA sequencing utilize radioactive isotopes to label the DNA. Automated DNA sequencing utilizes fluorescent tracers instead of radioisotopes to label the DNA, thereby eliminating or significantly reducing the use of radioactive materials in some research laboratories.


5. It is possible because each strain of bacteria have their own specialized DNA sequence.

The cell's highest rate of diffusion

What shape (radius, villi and dimples) and size allow a cell to have the highest rate of diffusion?
Radius: 1x
Villi: 20% of cell surface area.
Dimples: 80, 1% of cell surface area.
Cell Shape: 10:1. 

vaccination

All vaccinations work by presenting a foreign antigen to the immune system in order to evoke an immune response, but there are several ways to do this. The four main types that are currently in clinical use are as follows:

1. An inactivated vaccine consists of virus or bacteria which are grown in culture and then killed using a method such as heat or formaldehyde. Although the virus or bacteria particles are destroyed and cannot replicate, the virus capsid proteins or bacterial wall are intact enough to be recognized and remembered by the immune system and evoke a response. When manufactured correctly, the vaccine is not infectious, but improper inactivation can result in intact and infectious particles. Since the properly produced vaccine does not reproduce, booster shots are required periodically to reinforce the immune response.
2. In an attenuated vaccine, live virus or bacteria with very low virulence are administered. They will replicate, but locally or very slowly. Since they do reproduce and continue to present antigen to the immune system beyond the initial vaccination, boosters may be required less often. These vaccines may be produced by passaging, for example, adapting a virus into different host cell cultures, such as in animals, or at suboptimal temperatures, allowing selection of less virulent strains, or by mutagenesis or targeted deletions in genes required for virulence. There is a small risk of reversion to virulence, this risk is smaller in vaccines with deletions. Attenuated vaccines also cannot be used by immunocompromised individuals. Reversions of virulence were described for a few attenuated viruses of chickens (infectious bursal disease virus, avian infectious bronchitis virus, avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus [4], avian metapneumovirus [5])^[14]
3. Virus-like particle vaccines consist of viral protein(s) derived from the structural proteins of a virus. These proteins can self-assemble into particles that resemble the virus from which they were derived but lack viral nucleic acid, meaning that they are not infectious. Because of their highly repetitive, multivalent structure, virus-like particles are typically more immunogenic than subunit vaccines (described below). The human papillomavirus and Hepatitis B virus vaccines are two virus-like particle-based vaccines currently in clinical use.
4. A subunit vaccine presents an antigen to the immune system without introducing viral particles, whole or otherwise. One method of production involves isolation of a specific protein from a virus or bacterium (such as a bacterial toxin) and administering this by itself. A weakness of this technique is that isolated proteins may have a different three-dimensional structure than the protein in its normal context, and will induce antibodies that may not recognize the infectious organism. In addition, subunit vaccines often elicit weaker antibody responses than the other classes of vaccines.

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccination)

cell movements

Diffusion: Examples are respiration and excretion in animal bodies. Oxygen is passed from lungs to cells by a process of diffusion. The carbon dioxide excreted by the cells is diffused to the lungs. Diffusion is also central to the process of excretion. When there is excess water it is diffused to the kidneys, and when there is less water it is diffused back to the body. (http://www.enotes.com/science/q-and-a/describe-two-2-examples-diffusion-occurs-living-197053)


Facilitated Diffusion: facilitated diffusion is a type of passive transport, it moves substances down their concentration gradient without using the cell's energy Active Transport.  EX. Glucose is the body's primary source of direct energy. Our cells have a membrane protein that facilitates the diffusion of glucose from the bloodstream into the cell. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facilitated_diffusion)


Osmosis: osmosis is the movement of solute from a higher concentration to lower concentration.  EX. Plant absorb water from the earth through the process of osmosis. Exchange of water in body fluids and body cells in animals (including humans) takes place through osmosis. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmosis)


Phagocytosis: EX. your white blood cells attacking foreign bodies. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagocytosis)


Active transport: Active transport is the movement of a substance against its concentration energy. It need senergy to move. An example could be the uptake of glucose in the intestines.(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_transport)

Three Types of Cells

Single Cell :                                    Plant Cell :                                          Animal Cell :

Animal and plant cells are eukaryotes, which means they all have a nucleus.  However, some single cell doesn't contain a nucleus, while others contain more than one nucleus.  Also, plant cell has a cell wall, which both animal and single cells don't have.

Five Types of Nutrients

1) Carbonhydrates

Carbohydrates are the main source of energy.  It provides glucose for the body.

2) Fats

Fats are an important part of a healthy diet.  It contains essential fatty acids, which helps the body to produce cell membranes, myelin sheaths, and certain hormones.

3) Proteins

Proteins supply raw materials for growth and repair of structures such as skin and muscle.  It also have regulatory and transport functions.

4) Vitamins

Vitamins are organic molecules that help regulate body processes, often working with enzymes.

5) Minerals

Our body needs small amounts of minerals such as calcium, iron, and magnesium.  It is a major component of bones, teeth, and hemoglobin.  It also required for normal functioning of nerves.

Electron microscope

Compound light microscope

Electron microscopes (EM) have a greater oesolving power than a light-powered optical microscope.

Periodic Table

Select atomic weight
Describe how it changes from left to right It increases
Top to bottom It increases.

Select atomic radius
Describe how it changes from left to right It decreases
Top to bottom It increases

Select density
Describe how it changes from left to right It increases, and then decreases.
Top to bottom It mostly increases

Select boiling point
Describe how it changes from left to right It increases and then decreases and then increases
Top to bottom It’s inconsistent

Select electronegativity
Describe how it changes from left to right It mostly increases
Top to bottom Some increases while some decreases.

Go to http://www.webelements.com/
Pick four elements from four different families. Get a picture of each and the history of the element. Put them in the word document, save it to your house and upload it in Moodle

Calcium was discovered by Sir Humphrey Davy at 1808 in England.Origin of name: from the Latin word "calx" meaning "lime".

Silver was discovered by Known since ancient times at no data in not known. Origin of name: from the Anglo-Saxon word "siolfur" meaning "silver" (the origin of the symbol Ag comes from the Latin word "argentum" meaning "silver").

Oxygen was discovered by Joseph Priestley, Carl Scheele at 1774 in England, Sweden. Origin of name: from the Greek words "oxy genes" meaning "acid" (sharp) and "forming" (acid former).

.

Curium was discovered by Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Albert Ghiorso at 1944 in USA. Origin of name: named after Pierre and

Marie "Curie"

http://www.wordle.net/delete?index=4157523&d=PAKU

http://www.wordle.net/show/wrdl/4109195/jyh

Divine Move（Mao Asada）

-- --- .-. ... . / -.-. --- -.. .

     -- -.-- / -. .- -- - / .. ... / .--- .. -. --. -.-- ..